Abortion, religious liberty, vaccine cases top Supreme Court's busy 2021

But while several Catholic leaders have spoken in favor of dismantling Roe v. Wade, Catholics across the board have not. Last year, a survey by the Pew Research Center showed 68% of U.S. Catholics said Roe should not be overturned and 56% said abortion should be legal in all or most cases.

This divide on abortion, also apparent across the country, was on full display on the steps of the Supreme Court the day of the oral arguments in the Mississippi case, when people were chanting, shouting or holding aloft signs with messages that either called abortion murder or said it was an essential right.

A ruling on that case is not expected until next summer.

On Dec. 13, the Supreme Court turned down two emergency requests from health care workers in New York seeking religious exemptions from the state's COVID-19 vaccine mandate. The workers' appeal — that the mandate violated their constitutional right to freely exercise their religion — was rejected by a federal court in New York.

The high court had denied a similar appeal in October from health care workers in Maine that had been rejected by lower courts. In both of these decisions, Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Neil Gorsuch said they would have allowed religious exemptions.

The court looked at another case from Maine this year in its review of a school choice program for students in rural areas that excludes schools that offer religious instruction.

Most of the justices seemed to think the program was discriminatory and found fault with how state education officials determined just how religious a school was in order to consider if the school could participate in the tuition program.

The state program remains in place because it had been upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit.

In a similar case, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, the Supreme Court ruled in 2020 that states are not required to subsidize private education, but they also can't exclude religious schools from receiving tuition funding simply because they are religious.

The U.S. bishops' conference praised that ruling, saying it means "that religious persons and organizations can, like everyone else, participate in government programs that are open to all."

The Maine case, Carson v. Makin, takes the Montana decision a step further, asking if the state can prevent students from using state funds to attend schools that provide religious instruction.

A ruling is expected in the summer and it could have a significant impact on tuition aid for religious schools.

In the court's examination of the death penalty this year, it also specifically focused on the role of chaplains in the execution chamber.

The plea to allow spiritual advisers to pray aloud with death-row inmates or place hands on them in prayer during executions faced an uphill battle as some of the justices questioned if this would open up other requests or impose a safety risk.

The nation's high court has looked at spiritual advisers accompanying inmates during executions four times in recent years with differing opinions.

Several spiritual advisers from different faith traditions joined an amicus brief in this case filed by the American Civil Liberties Union. The brief included Sr. Helen Prejean, a Sister of St. Joseph of Medaille, who is a longtime opponent of the death penalty; Sr. Barbara Battista, a Sister of Providence of St. Mary of the Woods in Indiana; and Benedictine Fr. Mark O'Keefe.

They said their role was "not simply to stand by mutely, but to minister to the prisoner as he meets death, providing spiritual comfort and a final opportunity for the individual to engage with his faith at the most critical time."

The bishops' conference similarly filed an amicus brief joined by the Texas Catholic Conference that said the role of spiritual advisers to prisoners "is of particularly grave importance at the moment of death."

In the summer, when the court handed down decisions from the previous term, one of its bigger decisions said a Catholic agency should not have been excluded from Philadelphia's foster care program for not accepting same-sex couples as foster parents.

Although the court said Philadelphia's anti-discrimination laws put an unfair burden on the Philadelphia Archdiocese's Catholic Social Services, it did not issue a sweeping ruling on religious rights or overturn a previous decision involving religious liberty.

The case centered on the city of Philadelphia in 2018 suspending a contract with the Catholic agency that allowed it to provide foster care placement. The city excluded the agency because of its policy of not placing children with same-sex couples or unmarried couples because these unions go against church teaching on traditional marriage.

A year later, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit sided with the city, calling the agency's policies discriminatory.

Chief Justice John Roberts, who wrote the opinion for the unanimous decision in Fulton v. Philadelphia, said the service agency "seeks only an accommodation that will allow it to continue serving the children of Philadelphia in a manner consistent with its religious beliefs; it does not seek to impose those beliefs on anyone else."

He also said the city's actions of excluding the agency burdened its "religious exercise by putting it to the choice of curtailing its mission or approving relationships inconsistent with its beliefs."

Richard Garnett, law school professor at the University of Notre Dame and director of the university's Program on Church, State and Society, said the ruling will have a significant impact.

He called it "striking, and telling, that the court's more liberal justices" joined this decision, which he said points out that "respect for religious freedom should not be a partisan or left-right issue."