Bolivia: a South American experiment

Latin America has a new laboratory for socialism

Feb. 01, 2010
Bolivian President Evo Morales, seond from left, takes part in an indigenous ritual held in the temple complex of Tiwanaku Jan. 21, as part of the ceremonies for his inauguration for a second term. (AFP/Aizar Raldes)

Analysis

The government of Bolivian President Evo Morales Ayma, inaugurated Jan. 21-22 for a second term in office, sets the stage for the latest experiment in the interplay of traditional forces of Latin American Catholicism and recently insurgent indigenous religions and cultures.

It took two days for Morales’ inauguration. The swearing in on Jan. 22 followed a full day of celebrations in the ancient Andean ceremonial ruins of Tiwanaku, about 50 miles outside of La Paz.

Morales was re-elected last December with 64 percent of the vote while gaining a two-thirds majority for his Movement to Socialism Party in the new Congress. Donning ceremonial vestments of the Andean peoples, he made his inauguration the occasion of symbolically stating his party’s principles and his goals. The event underlined the Andean belief that the Pacha Mama, the “Earth Mother” of the native peoples, is the symbol of the union between humankind and nature, joining ecology, ethics and economics.

As an Aymara Indian, Morales proclaimed himself an heir of the struggle for the rights and dignity of native peoples throughout the Americas. He pledged that his administration would write those aspirations into the law of the land.

He also reiterated commentaries he made at the U.N. climate change conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, where he said that these principles are for uniting the native peoples of the world against the excesses of a suicidal, planet-destroying globalization.

In 1985, Bolivia became a bell jar-enclosed laboratory experiment for neoliberal capitalism. The theory behind that experiment held that the state must not interfere or intervene in the free market. It held that Bolivia needed to sell all its national natural resources -- gas, oil, water, forests, and other materials -- to outside investors. It held that no laws were to be made that would regulate capital transfer out of the country.

However, facing ever stronger organized street protests through a long period of bitter social struggle, the experiment finally collapsed in December 2005 with the election of Morales and the ascendency of the Movement to Socialism.

Bolivia, now officially called the “Plurinational State of Bolivia,” is a country the size of Texas and California combined, with a population of almost 10 million. Over 60 percent of its people are members of 36 different ethnic groups. Twenty-five percent of its people are mixed race. Only 15 percent can claim they are “pure blood” European stock. But those 15 percent, called criollas, have historically run the country, its economy and its politics.

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Until 1952, the native people were not allowed a vote in the Republic of Bolivia, which was founded in 1825 by Simón Bolívar. Until the last half of the 20th century, the native people also could not enter the main streets and plazas of the cities.

All of this took place under the authority of successive constitutions blessed and supported by the Catholic church, which was given a legal place of privilege. Freedom of religion was not granted until the end of the 19th century. The Catholic church, meanwhile, accepted slavery, as well as class and race distinctions.

The government of the Movement to Socialism began its political and cultural reforms in January 2006. It had argued for a new constitution and got it, finally approved by two-thirds of the voters in 2009. The new constitution proclaimed freedom of religion, including the ancestral religions of the indigenous people. No longer would any church have special rights.

Under the government’s economic management since 2006, called “21st-century socialism,” Bolivia has brought inflation almost down to zero, according to the International Monetary Fund, and the nation has an annual economic growth rate of 4.3 percent, one of the best in Latin America.

Per capita income in 2005 was $1,010; now is $1,671. The gross international reserves were $3.2 billion in 2006; they were estimated at $8.6 billion in 2009. The national debt is about $5 billion, but the borrowed money is now going into programs of health, education, welfare and direct investments. The state is now developing, with private international investors, the nationalized companies in natural gas, oil, steel and, soon, lithium. Bolivia’s salt flats cover the largest deposits of lithium in the Western Hemisphere.

The government has initiated an incentive program to subsidize parents who keep their children in school. The dropout rate up to eighth grade has fallen from 5 percent to 2 percent. The reading program has been almost 100 percent effective in a country that once led the Americas (except for poor Haiti) with a more than 40 percent rate of illiteracy.

National health care and retirement funds now have universal coverage of some kind. All pregnant women receive prenatal and postnatal care and health care for their children up to 2 years old. International oil and gas prices have provided the cushion.

Five hundred years after the Spanish conquest, Bolivia continues to be extremely poor. But the policies of redistribution and growth, with popular participation, provide the solid base of constructing a national future of equality and hope for all Bolivians.

Bolivia’s changes are now giving Latin America a new laboratory for socialism as it did for neoliberal capitalism 20 years back. However, with another world depression upon us, governments, churches and intellectuals must debate again the ancient enigmas: What is the proper role of the state and what are the ethical limits of private ownership and creative investment in any society?

And how the local Catholic churches of Latin America adjust to this new era remains to be seen.

[Fr. Michael J. Gillgannon is a priest in the Kansas City-St. Joseph, Mo., diocese and has spent 35 years as a missionary in La Paz, Bolivia.]

I rejoice at this good news

I rejoice at this good news from Bolivia.

You said: "All of this took

You said: "All of this took place under the authority of successive constitutions blessed and supported by the Catholic church, which was given a legal place of privilege. Freedom of religion was not granted until the end of the 19th century. The Catholic church, meanwhile, accepted slavery, as well as class and race distinctions."

That is an outright LIE! The Catholic Church has NEVER supported or done these things. The BOLIVIAN BISHOPS did these abominable things, commited these sine, NOT the universal church.

You need to tell the truth, or stop claiming you are Catholic.

What is done by the hands is

What is done by the hands is directed by the head. Do you really think the Bolivian bishops could have gotten away with this behavior without the backing and collusion of Rome? And next we'll be calling Pius XII the 'Savior of the Jews' because only renegade Catholics, not the Pontiff, sat aside during the Holocaust.

Let's be even more accurate -

Let's be even more accurate - not just Bolivian Bishops but Salvadorean, Honduran, Guatemalan, yes - even Mexican bishops wore silks, got fat, and rich, and had slaves - back in the day. It's not surprising then that many people saw the Bishops as the whole Church. It was their Church and they were their people, oppressed, hungry and poor. There was truth in this article. Not all subsequent Bishops agreed with this, and they were martyred like Bishop Oscar Romero and others. That is the reality of our Church. We are human after all but, with all of that, the Holy Spirit is still with us. Thank God.

May I suggest that those who

May I suggest that those who deny the Universal Church's responsibility to the happenings in South America look at how Liberation Theology was needed in South America but strongly blocked by Catholic leadership in Rome.

Many tried to claim it was Godless Communism - it was not. Many people fear 'social justice' because it can make all people equal.

When hasn't the Catholic

When hasn't the Catholic Church supported the status quo. Look at the history of our own country the United States. It okey to accept this truth amd to live in the love of God and your neighbor at the same time. Peace.

Socialism is not the dirty

Socialism is not the dirty word that we make it here in the U. S. Look where unregulated Capitalism has gotten us.

People don't realize that

People don't realize that socialism is not equal to communism, and that there are different varieties of socialism. Instead, what we get are fear-mongering pundits who try to trash everything that doesn't benefit the rich & powerful.

"National health care and

"National health care and retirement funds now have universal coverage of some kind. All pregnant women receive prenatal and postnatal care and health care for their children up to 2 years old."

If this once poorest nation can do it, why can't we?

We don't have a public

We don't have a public option, much less national health care, b/c of the inordinately powerful corporate interests of the insurance, pharmaceutical, & health care industries, which collude in disseminating scare messages designed to get people to accept the status quo & reject policies which would benefit all Americans.

I believe that countries must

I believe that countries must try various forms of governments in order to overcome hardships in certain countries. If socialism is the answer, then so be it.

"Latin America has a new

"Latin America has a new laboratory for socialism"

So does North America. It lies between Canada and Mexico.

Pat

Dear Patp, although I won't

Dear Patp, although I won't go as far as someone above who objected that the statement to the effect that "the Catholic Church" historically condoned flagrant violations. That is, I won't paint as a lie, your implication that the USA has become a "new laboratory for socialism". I will, however, challenge. Capitalism is alive, well, growing and very robust in the USA, especially since the latest Supreme Court pronouncement that Corporations, being persons before the law, can contribute unlimited monies to influence political campaigns. "Free" trade will continue unabated and so on.

How so? Do we have national

How so? Do we have national health care? What about affordable access to higher education? Do we have strong policies aimed at reducing pollution & improving the environment? Do we have strong regulation to prevent corporations from abusing the financial system? Do we have a strong labor movement? Do we have social equality? Don't we have a HUGE GAP in the distribution of wealth?

Why don't you use the brain God gave you instead of parroting Fox News.

Ardel....Did not various

Ardel....Did not various popes and theologians support slavery etc?
But you are right, the Church, that is, the People of God, did not necessarily support these evils but the hierarchy did. More power to the People of God.

Nelson's comment reminded me

Nelson's comment reminded me of an incident when I was on the Trans-Siberian Express in the 1970's and one of my fellow travelers from the USA could not accept any personal responsiblity of the bombing in South East Asia. He claimed he had not dropped any bomb. I question if the survivors of those bombs could clearly see that distinction. I suspect the people of Bolivia might not see the difference between the Church and a group of people representing the church that allowed slavery, class disticntions, et cetera. I wonder how Atahualpa saw the Catholic Church. Hopefully we've all come a long way since then.

.. Ardel Nelson I find it

.. Ardel Nelson
I find it interesting and challenging to ponder your reply in which you imply that the Catholic Bishops are not representing the Catholic Church

The author of this article

The author of this article needs to check his facts. I spent many years as a missionary in Bolivia and, as anyone familiar with Bolivian politics knows, this article is full of errors and half-truths. Bolivian law never forbade indigenous peoples from voting and, in fact, they were always the majority in the provinces of La Paz, Oruro, Sucre, Potosi, and Cochabamba. Bolivian law did, perhaps inadvisedly, forbid voting by illiterates, but there were as many illiterates among the "cambas" of Santa Cruz and Beni as there were among the indigenous peoples. In 1952, the MNR party passed laws permitting illiterate people to vote, whether they were indigenous or not.

Similarly, there was never -- ever -- a time when indigenous people were not permitted in the cities and plazas of Bolivia. Anyone familiar with the history of Bolivia will tell you that indigenous people have always been part of Bolivian urban life, have frequently dominated the commercial class, and have long been the majority in western Bolivia. It is true that they have been underrepresented in the government over the years, but it is also true that their representatives did little to advance their cause and much to enrich themselves.

Finally, the Bolivian bishops have traditionally served the poorest of the poor far more than their contemporaries in other countries, including the United States. The president of the Bolivian Episcopal Conference, Cardinal Julio Terrazas of Santa Cruz, arose from poverty, became a Redemptorist, served as Bishop of Oruro -- one of the poorest dioceses on earth -- and remains one of the staunchest advocates for justice in the Americas. You will not find among the Bolivian bishops a single instance of prelates living in power or enjoying any prestige other than that of serving the Gospel among the very poor. He is not, by the way, an advocate of Evo Morales' brand of socialism, which has naively aligned itself with Hugo Chavez of Venezuela and Fidel Castro of Cuba and will, like so many Bolivian political movements of the past, end in the people being plundered by those who promised them the moon.

This article was misleading at best. Why doesn't NCR check its facts before giving space to something like this?

Bolivia isn't the only

Bolivia isn't the only country where the Church has supported abusive regimes. Over the past hundred years, Spain, Portugal, and a whole litany of nations in the Americas have suffered from totalitarian/dictatorships that were approved by the Church. Unfortunately, it appears that the Church still is more concerned with befriending the powerful rather than fighting for the poor & marginalized.

Any one that thinks this

Any one that thinks this experiment is great go live in Bolivia. We are on the same road it may sound romantic. Believe me when Solicalism/Communism gets here you will be praying for your life! I will fight it and all who think it is wonderful until my dying day. Oh and by the way you need to learn the real history!

I don't think anyone,

I don't think anyone, certainly not the author, claimed that life was great in Bolivia. I believe the point is that the current government is an improvement over the centuries of rape this nation has endured.
As to Robin Slate's politics - I don't believe anyone is surprised to hear of another person dedicated to the defense of unfettered captalism.

Please don't assume (take the

Please don't assume (take the word apart) any one's politics. Unless some one writes thier politics don't assume what any one elses is, you would not want me to assume yours I am sure. I believe in responsible capitalism, please do not put words in my mouth. Some of these comments do defend Socialism, go back and read the comments. If that is what any one wants to live under fine than find a country that has it!

Another nail in the memory of

Another nail in the memory of The Church of Rome! The Church will fail as it is falling from grace in most of the world! Bolivia!! Congratulations!!

Thank you for giving a good

Thank you for giving a good assessment of the situation. May we learn from our mistakes and keep close to the people of God no matter what the cost.

We have just returned from 6

We have just returned from 6 weeks staying with family in Bolivia.

We found the Evo Marales MAS/IDSP government to be genuinely popular with the ordinary people of Bolivia.

We met a poor Aymara women who said she'd go down on her knees to pray for Evo Morales because she'd just received B1000 from the government for her 5 children under a MAS/IDSP programme granting B200 to each child completing a year at school, a programme which encourages and enables parents to keep their children in school rather than having to send them out to work to feed the family. She was going to use the money to buy clothes for her children.

Bolivia has nationalised its oil and natural gas and using the revenue to fund social programmes such as this which benefit the poor. The cost of reticulated gas for cooking and heating is now about a third the cost of previously bottled gas.

The Morales government has increased the minimum wage in Bolvia by 40% over 5 years.

One can call that socialism if one wants to but the reality is that the Bolvian government is implementing Catholic Social Teaching in favour of the poor and the family.

God Bless

According to Bolivian

According to Bolivian President Evo Morales, only 50 years ago indigenous people were not even allowed in the plaza outside congress.

http://boliviarising.blogspot.com/2010/01/bolivia-we-are-here-to-serve-p...

The system of serfdom (pongo) survived in Bolivia until the 1952 MNR revolution.

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a739391980&db=all

God Bless

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