When is dissent not just dissent?

The recent, very thorough survey of American Catholics, whose results were featured in the Oct. 28-Nov. 10 NCR, revealed no overwhelming shifts in belief and practice since the first such survey in 1987. The latest figures reinforce the fact that a substantial number of Catholics are convinced they can be in good standing with the church without adhering to church teachings on various issues, including weekly Mass attendance and remarriage after divorce. More than half the respondents in the survey consider "not very important" Catholic positions opposing abortion, same-sex marriage and requiring a celibate male clergy.

Bishops, priests and other church leaders have been viewing similar results for years now without throwing up their arms and declaring panic. Their easy and obvious response is that the surveys are polluted by the number of lax Catholics, half-Catholics, and pseudo-Catholics affected by the winds of secularism, relativism and individualism howling through American culture. Obviously, they say, this is dissent, this is disobedience.

There can be some truth there, but I would like to suggest that we may be dealing with something else -- something you are not likely to hear mentioned by your bishop or your parish priest. It is the "non-reception" of certain church teachings. And that is not just a less blunt term for dissent. Non-reception holds a respectable place in Catholic teaching among theologians (and very likely among many bishops if they were not so fearful of saying what they think).

According to Jesuit Fr. Ladislas Orsy, writing in the Encyclopedia of Catholicism, church law, like ordinary human law, has two stages. First, it is formulated by the lawgiver and promulgated or brought to the attention of the subjects. In the second stage, those who become aware of the law must try to understand it as they "encounter it in their concrete, particular and personal situations." They must then "form a critical judgment about the law either by affirming it through steady obedience or by bringing to the legislator's notice the difficulties the law may generate."

But what if the subjects, having presented their difficulties, are rebuffed by the legislator or are simply ignored? In that case, the second stage is incomplete and the law has no real effect. It's a little like the tree falling in the forest when there is no one around to see it or hear it fall.

Subscribe to NCR

Want to read more about important issues in the life of the Church? A subscription to NCR will keep you up to date and informed.

Subscribe now!

Discussing Vatican II, Benedictine Bishop B.C. Butler acknowledged that if a teaching "failed in the end to enjoy reception on the part of the church, this would prove it had not met the requirements" for enforcement. And in 1969, the theologian Joseph Ratzinger (currently Pope Benedict VI) spoke about even infallibly proposed teachings: "Where there is neither consensus on the part of the universal church nor clear testimony in the sources, no binding decision is possible. If such a decision were formally made, it would lack the necessary conditions and the question of the decision's legitimacy would have to be examined." What Butler and Benedict are getting at is the very real possibility of legitimate non-reception.

Is that what these surveys are telling us over and over again? It would be out of the question, I think, to attribute all non-reception to the presence of irresponsible pseudo-Catholics in the survey responses. The latest American Catholic survey is helpful here, since it carefully distinguishes in some areas the responses of highly committed, moderately committed and low-committed Catholics. The highly committed are described as far more likely than other groups to affirm the importance of the sacraments, the core beliefs of the church, the church's apostolic tradition and its social justice teachings. They also tend to rely heavily on Vatican teaching authority and to emphasize church teaching regarding sexual behavior. Simply put, these are "cream-of-the crop" Catholics.

Yet according to the survey results this year, almost half of these loyal believers say you can be a good Catholic without adhering to church law on divorce and remarriage, on living together without a valid marriage, on attending Mass weekly. And 60 percent of this highly committed flock says you can be a good Catholic without following church teaching on contraception. It would seem then that many dedicated Catholics are trying to develop an informed conscience and have concluded they may disagree with official teaching in good faith in some cases. At least implicitly, they recognize that the two-stage characteristic of authentic teaching means a law not received by the greater church lacks the force of obligation. Call it dissent, if you will, or call it non-reception. It is what's quietly happening in today's American church.

As an RCIA instructor, I am

As an RCIA instructor, I am surprised at the number of practicing Catholics who do not understand either basic Catholic teachings on certain topics, or the rationale behind those teachings.

I must wonder if the clergy is doing an adequate job of explaining and "selling" those ideas to thge laity. Not everyone is a routine reader on Catholic teachings. Many must be reached in the market place of ideas with carefully explained teachings oftern supported by more than the Church's Magisterium.

are you suggesting that it

are you suggesting that it must be supported by the laiety?.

Frank, you've touched exactly

Frank, you've touched exactly onto the problem as I see it. The clergy, the hierarchy, is convinced that Jesus must be sold to me. They have sold out, as it were, to the idea that I must be duped into faith in order to save my ignorant, wretched soul.

Contrast that with Jesus Himself, who tells us to love God and each other, even when it hurts you, even when it seems to kill you. He says we'll know the Christ followers by their love, and by the fruit they produce. I watch so many of those who are supposed to be our spiritual fathers, and I can only say that I can't recognize Jesus there, hidden in the silk and jewelry and smug certainty. I can't see the love, can't taste the fruit. If the messengers don't live the Word, don't you think the changes they insist on would be questioned, and rightly so?

Take EWTN, for example, who foisted the likes of Eutenauer and Corapi on us. These were uber-Christians, right? Follow and be saved, yes? And yet, when they inevitably fall, we are told that the message was correct and the devil got to them. But when many like me say that both the messengers and their message never rang true to God as we've met Her, well.... we're selfish. Faithless. Misled. Not properly formed.

So many times I read the opinion, "Why don't you just leave? You are obviously protesting. You are a protestant." But this church is our Mother, and I can not abandon my own family. Please Frank, look into your heart and ask the Spirit for guidance, as I assume you already do. Follow that, and I will too. I trust we'll find Church together, but in a way unimaginably more wonderful than either of us could know.

although I have yet to be

although I have yet to be informed otherwise, there doesn't appear to be a test at the end of our lives whether we memorized the catechism or the six precepts of the Church....that would be called Gnosticism. We need to emphasize faith as something we live more than anything else.

HONESTY, NOT DISSENT !

HONESTY, NOT DISSENT ! ...... Thanks, Bob, for once again both leading us, and showing us how to think, about what Catholics believe and why they believe.

As far as we can tell, neither Jesus nor any of his apostles were canon lawyers. Neither Jesus nor any of his original apostles left us any direct writings and certainly no code of canon law. Paul wrote, but he did not have direct contact with Jesus, other than miraculously.

These apostles, however, left behind a church that developed rules consensually, mainly as the need arose . The faithful were usually directly involved in making and changing most rules for three centuries.

Then along came Constantine in the early fourth century. He captured the Church for his imperial purposes. Thereafter, rules usually came from the top down.

The present Roman hierarchy still rules in Constantine's monarchical style and appears to "care less" generally about what Catholic "subjects" think. Consequently, a substantial and growing majority of the Catholic faithful pay little heed to what the hierarchy says on most issues. The hierarchy retains a large surplus of power and wealth, so seem indifferent in their comfortable and unaccountable positions to the views of the faithful.

For more information on the hierarchy's disregard of the faithfuls' views since Constantine, please see the NCR comment and related cross links under the comment heading, "Benedict XVI and Constance" , accessible by clicking on at:
http://ncronline.org/blogs/essays-theology/end-western-schism

For an example of the large disconnect between the present Church hierarchy and the faithful on a major current issue, protecting children, please see the NCR comment and related cross links under the comment heading, "Bad Bishops/Good Kids" , accessible by clicking on at:

http://ncronline.org/blogs/small-c-catholic/sexual-misconduct-church-won...

On a similar note ; I wonder

On a similar note ; I wonder about the public accession to the existence of the unique construct called the " Corporate Person " in the global economy. Granting that Christ is the founder of our Firm and that we the faithful constitute the Body of Christ, how do we reckon the conflation of that special entity into a pragmatic economic " Being " without creating an automaton presaging the emergence of the Anti-Christ.

This gets off on the right

This gets off on the right foot by noting that "surveys are polluted by the number of lax Catholics, half-Catholics, and pseudo-Catholics" who misidentify themselves as Catholics and are therefore erroneously included in polls as Catholics. More detailed polls normalize by using a proxy such as Mass attendance, which allows us to see that most of the "catholics" who push up the numbers in "x% of catholics support [insert heretical agenda]" polls haven't attended Mass in a month of sundays. If you haven't attended Mass this year, and you haven't been stationed in Antarctica or the like, you're not a Catholic. You might say that you're not a practicing Catholic, but there's no such thing; a Catholic is a practicing Catholic and a "non-practicing Catholic" is a lapsed Catholic.

But then we get into the non-reception canard; far from the new notion presented here, this one's as old as the hills and has been wielded repeatedly by dissenters in the last handful of decades. (Ironically, most of those dissenters would align themselves with Vatican II even though Vatican II's teaching on the magisterium contradicts their notions on this point.) You're not a non-receiver, you're just a dissenter. Stop trying to dress it up in fancy terms. If you want to tell yourself that you're succeeding in passing this attitude along to another generation of dissenters, feel free, but if you want to know what younger Catholics really think, go talk to some younger Catholics after Mass. You will find that we have absolutely no truck with the nonsense you're peddling. Unsurprisingly, you will not find those folks in your survey who say that you can be a good catholic without attending Mass—after all, few protestants attend Mass.

Interestingly, however, if you find some protestants, you'll find a crowd receptive to non-reception. That ought to be a warning that you've gone far, far afield.

Did you READ the whole

Did you READ the whole article?

Yes. Next silly question?

Yes. Next silly question?

Dear Anonymous, it's sad to

Dear Anonymous, it's sad to read such a narrow definition of Catholic - i.e., attendance @ Sunday Mass. On that basis, if there's no such person as a non-practicing Catholic I'm bold enough to say it's equally true there is no such thing as a practicing Catholic. Catholicity is not something that can be quantified, measured.

Now if you were to say the difference lies in being a Catholic of faith and a Catholic of no faith, we might be able to dialogue. Then we have to decide what's faith and what's not faith. I will tell you right off that, for me, faith does not consist in practices or fulfilling rules/regs. For this reason I can relate to a non-receptive catholic....

This is unfortunately not

This is unfortunately not burger king.You can't have it your way, but there is a place where you can.Its called Protestantism.In Catholicism,the individual cannot decide what he/she wants or believes willy nilly.Follow the teachings of the Magisterium.

Dear Joan, I didn’t advance

Dear Joan, I didn’t advance such a definition, narrow or not. What I said was that if you haven't attended Mass this year without good reason, you're not a Catholic; this is by no means to imply that attendance at Mass once a week is a sufficient condition—as the old saw has it, going to church doesn’t make you a Christian any more than standing in a garage makes you a car—but it is a necessary condition. We may not be able to define the precise contours of Catholicity, but we can certainly define the edges of the ballpark, and without any intention of being exhaustive, I dare say that a Christian who is not presently obedient to the seven precepts of the Church is not presently a Catholic. You might be surprised to learn that there is indeed such a thing as a practicing Catholic (which is to say, a Catholic)—there are, in fact, hundreds of millions of us, and in view of your rather defensive tone, it seems apt to invite you to (re)join us. Can you honestly confess with me and with all Catholics: "I believe and profess all that the holy Catholic Church believes, teaches, and proclaims to be revealed by God"? Without asterisks, qualifications, or mental reservations? If so, I congratulate you as something of an oddity among the NCR crowd. If not, I urge you to return to the faith.

From your words you are

From your words you are obviously educated, therefore I ask you, how can you possibly be so narrow and selective in your thinking? If your litmus test for being a Catholic is, " I believe and profess all that the holy Catholic Church believes, teaches and proclaims to be revealed by God", then you have forgotten a few choice teachings of Holy Mother Church, (1) the earth is the center of the universe (2) slavery is acceptable (3) usury is a mortal sin...do you want me to continue? Why do so many insist on incapacitating their intellect and conscience in order to be considered "faithful"?

Replies like the above always

Replies like the above always give me a slight smile, because, with all due respect, what the person really seems to be saying is that they are used to dismissing those who disagree with them as simple-minded fools and are encountering severe cognitive dissonance from hearing the same thing from someone who can't be so readily dismissed as a total clot.

A lot of people seem shocked to discover that there are great numbers of people in this world who totally and utterly disagree with them about everything, and not just because they're stupid or ill-informed or uneducated, etc. The problem isn't unique to liberals, but it's usually less acute among conservatives simply because the prevailing culture that reinforces the sentiment among liberals is seen by conservatives as serving up daily and inescapable doses of people who totally disagree with us. C'est la vie. The world is full of people who think you're wrong about almost everything, and only incrementally less full (I suspect) of people who think I'm wrong about almost everything. This is precisely why it is idle to suppose that God would risk the salvation won at so high a cost to the eddies and currents of human opinion; if there was any doubt that Christianity without the Magisterium was implausible, the last 493 years and one month have proved it beyond all doubt. God does not play dice with salvation either. Because there was not the Church, it was necessary for Him to found her.

At any rate, the examples are simply inapt because Holy Mother Church does not teach that the earth is the center of the universe or that slavery is acceptable, and if she does teach that usury is a mortal sin, I wouldn't have a problem with it. (Nor, by the way, would Occupy Wall Street—talk about making the Church "relevant" to young people!)

There is no need at all to "incapacitat[e]" one's "intellect and conscience in order to be considered 'faithful'"; setting aside the silly cheap shot about conscience (if you didn't realize that it was, talk to a priest and he'll explain), I might glibly say it is merely necessary to exercise one's intellect within the boundaries of the revealed truth confirmed by the Magisterium. As Chesterton felicitously put it, "Catholic doctrine and discipline may be walls, but they are the walls of a playground."

Are 1, 2, or 3 current

Are 1, 2, or 3 current teaching, or past teaching? Whether current or past, which of these teachings are "de fide?"

Viewed solely as a human institution (which is not the whole truth of the Church at all) the Church has a human dimension, and therefore a social, cultural & historic dimensions. The Church, like the people who compose it, exist in time & history. They are subject to (though not ultimately controlled by) social, cultural & historic conditions. They learn new things via the scientific method (and they also learn, forget, and relearn all kinds of things, scientific & otherwise, but I digress).

The question, I think, is "Which developments in human scientific knowledge have some logical impact on the Deposit of Faith, both content & exposition, and which are 'adiaphora'? Science, always being tentative, is not the place we turn for ultimate truth & meaning, truth that is trans-social, tran-scultural & trans-historic.

You correctly state that we no longer belief in an earth-centered universe, tolerate slavery or condemn usury (though a little less usury might have mitigated the economic crisis of 2008 to date). It does not follow that every tentative, scientific development since the Middle Ages should automatically become the basis of the Church's theological reasoning; science chases down a lot of rat holes looking for the observable, the measurable, the repeatable, and the verifiable.

My intellect & conscience are hardly incapacitated by the pastors of the Church; I appreciate a perspective on truth that is not, shall we say, faddish. "I believe and profess all that the holy Catholic Church believes, teaches and proclaims to be revealed by God" - "for us [men] and our salvation," as the Nicene Creed says.

Said another way, the Vatican

Said another way, the Vatican and its monarchical dictates get all the respect they deserve.

I used to go along with you

I used to go along with you 100% Roberto, however now I am reaching 120% simply because you are finally getting down to the “quid of the question”.

The idea of a static “flock” to pick up the nods of the all-knowing “shepherds” is no longer acceptable even for those who do not go along with the philosophic vision of Heraclitus of our universe in constant change.

In the USA my father finished 8 grades; my mother 8 grades plus “Teachers’ College”. Of their 6 children 5 graduated from universities, three with doctorates. Of their 31 grandchildren, perhaps TWO would still sign in as “Roman Catholic” in the USA today.

Nevertheless I can vouch for the fact that well over half of these grandchildren are continually committed to “pushing along the cart of the Kingdom of God” in their personal and professional lives, working for “Thy Kingdom come on earth just as it is in heaven.” They see it as that “other possible society”, that “other possible world” so unlike what we have made for ourselves in today’s world, where every 4 seconds one of our sisters or brothers dies of hunger, where we kill millions of people in wars over petroleum or jockeying for strategic global positions, just as by our greed we nonchalantly keep on destroying the future for our grandchildren, our own Dear Mother Earth.

Most of these younger relatives of mine just don’t see that “other possible world” coming out of what is being offered today by those who supposedly publicly represent “the Church”. As Jesuit Padre Ladislas Orsy, puts it so well: they just can not swallow that “creeping infallibility” which seems to be the trade mark of what they hear from the “teachers” who seem to have forgotten that the greatest human power is intelligence. It is our intelligence that lights up our way into faith in Jesus of Nazareth and his life program and shapes up our personal conscience.

The USA with its historical “puritanical” roots and then massive immigration from different ethnic groups many escaping ideological imposition, no longer seems to be “accepting as Gospel” that which they no longer seeeeee as Gospel and law.

In Mestizo America (incorrectly refereed to as “Latin America”) we were spared that puritanical worship of law because of our deep mestization with myriads of original indigenous cosmic visions which remained lodged in the sub-consciousness of our peoples despite the bloody efforts of “the sword, the cross and the crown.”

If you keep opening doors, Roberto, we might just be able eventually to settle a fundamental question today: ¿JUST WHY DOES THE CHURCH EXIST, AND HOW DOES SHE ENTER INTO OUR COMMITMENT TO LIVE AND WORK FOR THAT OTHER POSSIBLE WORLD TODAY?

Justiniano de Managua el 17 de nov. 2011

One problem - some of the

One problem - some of the stuff being voted off the island so to speak in era where our consciences trump the words of Christ - are the words of Christ. Wonder what Christ will say upon our encounter with him when we say - hey, I decided to not to be selfish and didn't have too many kids., I didn't burden the planet. And he says - hey, how do you think I feel that you rejected my Father's gifts. Oh, and how about, that little notion I gave you that marriage is forever, divorce is wrong. What will we say about our consciences then - oh well, this theologian said that church teaching has a two tiered approach?

Yes, and what will God the

Yes, and what will God the Father say when God the Son goes home and says, "I know you said don't work on the Sabbath. I know your word says don't change my rules. I know that prostitutes and tax collectors are hurting themselves and the people around them. But I thought I had to go beyond that when being loving was more important than being right."

What do you think the Father says? What did Christ tell us to do? And when did you ever think that we had boxed up our Lord so nicely that we had exact job descriptions? I'm fully counting on a forgiving God who knows what an obtuse simpleton I am, despite all my wondrous knowledge of Him.

How many of us know priests

How many of us know priests and lay people, active in parishes and dioceses, who compromise their core beliefs so as to carry on the good work they are doing within church structures? Whether the issue is Eucharistic inclusivity, option for the poor, a thinking laity, married clergy, women’s ordination, homosexuality, contraception, our Church fosters a culture of keeping quiet so as to keep going. Sometimes the pressure from above is overt, but we are all subject to that subtlest form of institutional intimidation which everyone registers without it having to be articulated.

We watch the few who persist in standing against it being marginalized or pushed out altogether; their whole lives can be taken apart. Many, both young and lifelong churchgoers, can no longer accept it and are walking away. Meanwhile those who slip into capitulating to it progressively deform their spiritual integrity.

Of course, the Protestant tradition and secular society have long picked up the tenor of hypocrisy about Catholicism. After Vatican II, though, many of us felt we were on the way to being freed from it. But the volume now seems to be ratcheting up again. How can we commit to the Church we love without dancing to this particular tune?

If their core thinking goes

If their core thinking goes against what the Church teaches, then they owe their integrity and consciences to stop taking the Church's money and get another job.

The Church's money? And

The Church's money? And where exactly does this money come from? Does the Vatican print it? Does the magisterium conjure it up out of thin air? Do the hierarchs have it hoarded away somewhere from time immemorial and dole it out over time?

The intensity of dissent

The intensity of dissent depends on two things: how much you do not agree and how much you care. Intensely dissenting people care intensely about their religion. Alienating this highly caring segment to simplify the Church's diversity is not wise.

mclory is corrupt in his

mclory is corrupt in his thinking by deliberately using bishop Butler's and Ratzinger's words out of context."if a teaching failed to enjoy reception on the part of the church" On the part of the church means the Magisterium,not the laiety.

mclory's article is rubbish.

No, your concept of the

No, your concept of the church being the magisterium is nonsense! Sheer, utter, bald-faced nonsense.

Or, if you prefer it in Latin (as I’m sure you do): Probus, proferendum, calvus intuendae hariolari.

Probus, proferendum, calvus

Probus, proferendum, calvus intuendae hariolari.

i have no idea what this means(neither did freetranslation.com) but i was moved by a sense of transcendence and awe :)

Cheers,

Obviously google translate

Obviously google translate didn't do a very good job of latinizing "Sheer, utter, bald-faced nonsense."

I never learned Latin and have never felt deprived by that fact of life.

Mr. McClory, I think that you

Mr. McClory, I think that you are exactly right about this. The Greeks have an analogous practice, which has been exercised a few times in the past century: When a new bishop is appointed, the congregation is asked if he is worthy. On a few occasions, those assembled (or a large part of them) have shouted "Anaxios" (UNworthy); and those bishops were not installed.

We may well see a similar exercise of non-reception with the looming liturgical debacle. Will people realize the deep ecclesiological ramifications of the new "translation", and if so, will they accept its de facto rejection of Vatican II? Time will tell.

Which leads me to a second reason (there are probably others, including lack of knowledge) for the phenomenon of non-reception: The hierarchy, from the Pope on down, have virtually destroyed their own credibility by their mishandling of the sexual abuse crisis and (in the case of Rome and a few other places) their mishandling of finances. Large parts of the laity simply no longer respect their bishops, nor do they have any confidence in their moral judgment. So, why pay any attention to them at all? Admittedly, this strikes close to the heart of Catholic ecclesiology, but the situation is what it is.

It is difficult to see the way out of this morass, but the Holy Spirit often does surprising things. So keep the faith!

It used to be called the

It used to be called the Spirit of Prophesy in the Early Church. This is especially the case regarding teachings having to do with the status of women and sexuality generally.

Bob- Thanks for your

Bob-
Thanks for your continuing the discussion. In Ladislas Orsy's "Receiving the Council" there is a chapter on "Reception of the Laws" which goes into greater depth on this subject.
He writes "The scope of the legislator consists in issuing commands with authority in view of the acquisition of values by the community. This is the most that he can do. He has no capacity to create and give any of the values the community needs; all he can do is prompt the people to reach out for them." The reception is described as a "dynamic process" where the people first come to perceive the teaching, then to truly try to understand it-to find the value that prompted the teaching.
This should not be passive acceptance, because "a lack of understanding of the reason for law ...can eventually lead to discontent and frustration". Finally, "the law meets the conscience of the reveiver. It reaches that luminous part of the person where he or she is bound to God.There a sovereign judgment will have to be made over the law, a judgment for which the person is responsible to his or her Maker and to no one else."
Then the people may find the teaching in "harmony with the fundamental obligation to serve God" and act to implement its values. If not, if a disharmony is found, a conflict develops and must be resolved.
I would just want to add that the "dynamic process" calls us to take seriously the analysis of church teaching-to discern deeply and thoroughly.This process must be encouraged in our church.
But one other aspect of this discussion makes this question perhaps more complicated. Orsy makes this point: "it cannot be stressed enough that there is a great difference between proclaiming doctrine and promulgating a command. When doctrine is handed over, the intent of the giver is an increase in knowledge; when a command is conveyed, his intent is the performance of an action. It follows, therefore, that there must be a great difference between the reception of doctrine and that of law.In the former case reception consists in assimilating the knowledge in an ever expanding manner; in the latter case reception consists in narrowing the attention to one precise action and performing it."
The faithful need to be engaged also in the process of developing doctrine, as Newman argued for in "On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine".
Finally, Orsy also points out that a community not living up to Christian ideals may not be receptive to good teaching. There is always the need for circumspection in our faith. But Orsy writes, in words from last weeks liturgy:
"These simple rules are really based on an ancient wisdom: those who walk in the light are friends of the light. In other terms, a community that needs peace in order to grow in faith, hope and love is likely to be open to all laws that help it to fulfill their deepest aspirations".

I ever remain so disappointed

I ever remain so disappointed not to recall, not to read, here anyone call me heretic, not yet . . .

Is it really possible to

Is it really possible to "command" the heart, mind, and soul of another?
At this time "cafeteria catholicism" is what is keeping the church going!

Post new comment

NCR Comment code:

  1. Be respectful. Do not attack the writer. Take on the idea, not the messenger.
  2. Use appropriate language. Avoid vulgarities and slurs.
  3. Keep to the point. Deliberate digressions don't aid the discussion.

For more detailed guidelines, visit our User Guidelines page.

The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly.
(if you have one; if not, leave this blank)
  • Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically.
  • Allowed HTML tags: <a> <em> <strong> <cite> <code> <ul> <ol> <li> <dl> <dt> <dd> <font> <swf> <swf list>
  • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
  • You may use <swf file="song.mp3"> to display Flash files inline

More information about formatting options

CAPTCHA
This is to prove you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Image CAPTCHA
Enter the characters shown in the image.