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Some Latin quibbles over the new missal
I’ve gotten a small flood of e-mails and referrals to blogs about the final Vatican approval of the new Roman Missal, Third Edition, for liturgical use in the United States.
Cardinal Francis E. George of Chicago, president of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, announced Aug. 20 that the final approval of all Mass texts for the U.S. had been received.
He decreed that use of the new Missal will begin the first Sunday of Advent, Nov. 27, 2011. Presumably that actually means Saturday evening, Nov. 26, when the first Sunday Masses of Advent are celebrated. (A bit more on this later.)
One of the hot topics in the arcane blogosphere of People Who Quibble over Latin Translations is what editorial changes the Vatican has made to the ordinary parts of the Mass between its 2008 approval of those texts (recognitio, or “recognition,” is the formal canonical term) and the final version approved in 2010.
The most important change between 2008 and 2010, in my opinion, is the reinsertion of “I believe” three extra times in the English version of the Creed, where the Latin and Greek texts use it only once.
That change means that the Vatican has finally recognized that at least in some cases English syntax sometimes does not mesh with Latin -- a principle almost entirely lacking in the Vatican Congregation for Divine Worship and the Sacraments’ 2001 decree on liturgical renewal, Liturgiam Authenticam.
In Latin, the liturgical version of the Nicene Creed begins with Credo (“I believe”) followed by in unum Deum … et in unum Dominum … et in Spiritum Sanctum … et unam, sanctam, catholicam et apostolicam ecclesiam -- “I believe in one God … and in one Lord … and in the Holy Spirit … and one, holy, catholic and apostolic church” -- making one extremely long sentence.
In Greek Catholic and Orthodox liturgical usage, it is also one long sentence: Pisteuo eis ena Theon … kai eis ena Kurion … kai eis to Pneuma to Hagion … eis mian, hagian, katholiken kai apostoliken ekklesian – “I believe in one God … and in one Lord … and in the Holy Spirit … in one, holy catholic and apostolic church.”
In the original Greek texts of the Creed approved by the Councils of Nicaea (325 A.D.) and Constantinople (which in 381 A.D. made a slight addition to the Nicene text), “We believe” (pisteuomen) was used, reflecting the collective belief of those council fathers in the faith they held in common.
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For many decades now, U.S. Catholics have been praying, “We believe in one God … we believe in one Lord … we believe in the Holy Spirit … we believe in one, holy, catholic and apostolic church.”
Purists on one side have argued that the original conciliar texts of the fourth-century councils, using the first-person plural, should hold sway.
They have on their side the historic council texts that say “We believe,” not “I believe.”
The 2008 Vatican-approved text for U.S. (and other English-language) liturgical use reverted to “I believe,” again making it a personal rather than communal act of faith.
But hold the phones on this controversy: For centuries the Byzantine and other Eastern churches -- both Orthodox and Catholic -- have been using the singular version, “I believe” – pisteuo, not pisteuomen -- for their liturgical recitation of the Nicene Creed, just as the Latin Church used the singular, credo, not credimus.
So the vote seems to be pretty clear: the perennial liturgical usage in both the Latin and Eastern liturgies favors the use of “I” rather than “we” in the Creed.
But hold the phones again: The Catechism of the Catholic Church, issued in 1994, says in paragraph 167: “ ‘I believe’ (Apostles’ Creed) is the faith of the church professed personally by each believer, principally during baptism. ‘We believe’ (Niceno-Constantipolitan Creed) is the faith of the church confessed by the bishops assembled in council or more generally by the liturgical assembly of believers.”
In other words, the church’s official catechism seems to say “we” is preferable in the liturgical version of the Nicene Creed as a profession of the assembled believers.
How do we square this assertion in a Vatican doctrinal text, which the catechism is, with the decision of Liturgiam Authenticam to mandate liturgical use of the “I” form for the Nicene Creed in all modern translations? As a mere reporter, I don’t know the answer: I can only raise the question.
Apart from the Creed, The changes between what the Vatican approved in 2008 and then revised in 2010 are pretty minor.
For example, for the absolution formula at the end of the penitential rite, the 2008 version had the priest saying, “May almighty God have mercy on us and lead us, with our sins forgiven, to eternal life.” This was a very literal, but in English also very awkward, translation of the Latin, “Misereatur nostri omnipotens Deus et, dimissis peccatis nostris, perducat nos ad vitam aeternam. ” The revision approved in 2010 gives us back the more familiar English version: “May almighty God have mercy on us, forgive us our sins, and bring us to everlasting life.”
Another small change: in Eucharistic Prayer I, the 2008 version translated in primis as “first of all,” while the 2010 version says “firstly.” At another point, quaesumus was translated as “we beg” in 2008 but changed to “we beseech” in 2010. Virtually all of the changes between 2008 and 2010 are that small.
A little footnote on a trivia question I raised earlier: when the new English version of the Missale Romanum, Editio Tertia, will take effect in the United States.
Back in 1983, when the new Code of Canon Law took effect on the first Sunday of Advent, Canon 1248 made it a general church law that Catholics could fulfill their Sunday Mass obligation on Saturday evening. Until then, such an option had been available only if the local bishop approved it.
Cardinal John Krol of Philadelphia, an eminent canon lawyer, was the last U.S. holdout against Saturday evening Masses serving to meet Sunday Mass obligations for Catholics in his archdiocese, and for years some Philadelphia Catholics had crossed the Delaware River to the Diocese of Camden, N.J., for Saturday evening Masses. Shortly before the new code took effect, Krol announced that parishes in his archdiocese could begin scheduling Saturday evening Masses on the eve of the first Sunday of Advent that year -- even though the new code itself expressly took effect only the next day. Liturgically, those Saturday evening Masses were the same as Sunday Masses.
Based on that canonical precedent, I would assume that the new Roman Missal, Third Edition, will actually take effect liturgically on the evening of Saturday, Nov. 26, 2011, with the First Sunday of Advent Masses that are celebrated that day, not on the civil calendar day of Nov. 27.
[Jerry Filteau is NCR Washington correspondent.]







I think this article is
I think this article is unhelpful in two important ways.
First, the changes from 2008 to 2010 are pretty small from the standpoint of how the average person will receive them - "first of all," "firstly," who cares? But the significance of these seemingly small changes is huge - and not just for people like me Who Quibble Over Latin Translations. The author misses the larger issue, which is, If these small changes in the direction of English comprehension are justified, even though they're not what the Latin says exactly, just what then is the Vatican's argument against the 1988 proposed sacramentary? And what is reason why a couple thousand passages in the new missal have to be in stilted, unnatural English to follow the Latin literally, now that we know that you don't have to follow the Latin literally in these seeemingly small cases? There is a major issue here of whether the Vatican has in coherent position in throwing 1998 in the wastebasket and then approving an incoherent mess like 2010.
Second, all the pre-history of the Creed is interesting, but irrelevant to the translation issue, since the only question ever on the table was, How do we translate the Latin of the 2002 Missale Romanum into good English for the use of English-speakers?
Fr. Anthony, osb
I agree. The larger issue is
I agree. The larger issue is the flawed Liturgium Authenticum document which forces word for word literal translations which make no sense to any credible translator, and which lead to stilted prayers throughout. This translation is built on a flawed foundation, a translation principle that flies in the face of credible methods.
Right, send them back to the
Right, send them back to the drawing board and by the time the next one is ready we will be have to revise them yet again because the English in 2030 will be different than it was in 2010. So LA #2 can be introduced with a new format for translations. And by then Latin will have been revived so thoroughly through the internet that lay people will be familiar with all the Prayers in Latin so we can simply go back to using it exclusively for Mass. Where are we going with all the Hurry up and wait comments?
If "we" are at Mass and "we"
If "we" are at Mass and "we" are celebrating and "we" are pronouncing the Creed, then "WE" believe!! A community is not "I", but "we"!
And at the collection when
And at the collection when your neighbor, less fortunate than you pulls out a $5 bill instead of a $20 are you going to make up the difference? Since WE all believe that WE need to be generous in our givings? Or is it about what "I" can give? And upon leaving our Church if someone is taking the bus do you go out of your way and give them a ride home? Or are there some things that are not part of the collective "We" and come down to the prerogative "I"...For example "I" would give the person a ride. Your arguement can be stretched into many different situations where your collective "we" would suddenly become "I" as in I can't.
I don't understand the
I don't understand the objections to the length of the first sentence of the Nicene Creed. Yes, it is a very long sentence -- comprised of a number of short clauses. I don't see that it is any more difficult to understand or express than the equivalent with each clause expressed as an individual sentence.
Presumably all of the Nicene Council fathers shared the same faith, so credemus would have been appropriate for them to use. Given the prevalence of so-called "cafeteria Catholicism" today, I have little reason to believe that the majority of those in attendance at a typical Sunday Mass, much less all of them, completely believe every element of the Creed; thus, I cannot in good faith say "We believe". "We should believe" or "some of us believe", perhaps -- but not "we believe". So I stick with what I can profess with certainty, "I believe".
Mr. Filteau raises an interesting point regarding the difference between the Catechism's explanation of "We believe" in the Nicene Creed and the Latin version of the Creed. Is the same explanation present in the Latin version of the Catechism (if there is one) or in versions in languages that use a singular form of the Creed? One possibility is that the English translation of the Catechism was modified to agree with the English form of the Creed used in the Mass.
Did Jesus ever speak of
Did Jesus ever speak of self-righteousness? Jerry, did you ever read the gospels?
The Mozarabic Liturgy,now
The Mozarabic Liturgy,now being slowly revived,uses "We" in the Creed. It also worth noting the textual content of the Creed in Mozarabic, Chaldean/Assyrian,and Armenian Liturgies is somewhat more expanded,though,not in conflict with the Roman text.
You are just creating
You are just creating controversy where there should be no controversy. In the words of Saint Augustine: "Rome has spoken, the matter is closed." Just let it go. The people will embrace the changes once they understand them.
You and Popes John Paul II
You and Popes John Paul II and Benedict should have learned by now, there is no such thing as "Rome has spoken, the matter is closed". This and other supposedly "closed" issues are alive and well and will remain so.
Vatican III or the growth of an autocephalous Church without Benedict. Take your pick.
The author quotes only the
The author quotes only the first part of CCC #167 leaving out the second part which answers his question: "'I believe' is also THE CHURCH, OUR MOTHER, RESPONDING TO GOD BY FAITH as she teaches us to say both 'I believe' and 'We believe'."
THE QUESTION: If the "I believe" is also the ENTIRE CHURCH's response, would it be, as the author contends, a merely "personal" act of faith as opposed to a "communal" one?
Deck chairs. Titanic -
Deck chairs. Titanic - again.
My question may seem
My question may seem simplistic, juvenile, and uneducated BUT ... Does God care what CC #167 says or how Creed in Mozarabic, Chaldean/Assyrian,and Armenian Liturgies is written and/or spoken?
Looking in from the outside,
Looking in from the outside, I am quite amazed as I read about all the ink spilled over the “approved” translation of a missal to be used while celebrating the community Eucharist in the U.S. of North America. I have been living in Nicaragua during the past 55 years as an expatriate “UnitedStates’er of N.America”, 25 years as a functioning Catholic Padre and now 30 years as a functioning husband and father.
I was raised strictly Catholic, (early Mass on Sunday mornings, no hamburgers after the Friday evening football game, confession twice monthly with or without sins, no “Holy Communion” after a glass of water after midnight), was ordained to the priesthood in Latin, “shared in the Mass” in Latin first as an “altar boy” and then as an “official celebrant” ordained more than 10 years before the Second Vatican Council.
Today I share in the celebration as part of our small community on Sunday evenings. During the first ten minutes we greet friends and exchange a few words about life as we select a place around three sides of our table-altar. The Padre who comes to our community-center to preside our celebration uses no missal or fixed text. Everybody receives a copy of the “official scriptural texts” proclaimed by members of the community together with the songs to be sung and the “community prayer of the day” recited by all and which always begins with: “O Mother-Father God, ...”. The Padre proclaims the Gospel, shares his prepared application to building the Kingdom of God in our lives and then opens it up to the community for their views and petitions. The “Eucharistic Prayer” done by the Padre, including the few “liturgically essential parts”, is beautifully woven through with references to our reality as Community, City Nation and World. We have a very fine youth choir with very appropriate music in the line of liberating theology and working for “that other possible world”, texts written and put to our music by Nicaraguan Americans, Salvadoran Americans , Mexican Americans, and even some music of Spanish vintage.
So the up shot of this bla bla, is to underline the fact that the greatest numerical part of the Catholic Church today is not all that hung up on trifles of translation or insignificant details of liturgy which might even distract from the real purpose of the Eucharistic Celebration which is to strengthen our faith in that risen Jesus of Nazareth and his Spirit with his message of love, acceptance and inclusion, and his being present in “the least of the little ones, the poor, the ill, the rejected, the old abandoned people, those deprived their human rights, and even their essential right to a human life with dignity. We celebrate the Eucharist in order to maintain our determination to work to build the Kingdom of Abbá Father “thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven”, the reason for the life, death and resurrection of Jesus, that “other possible society”. that “other possible world” where we will no longer accept that one of our sisters or brothers dies of hunger every four seconds while we nonchalantly continue destroying our very own Mother Earth with our greed.
Justiniano de Managua
And this is why there is a
And this is why there is a flood of conversions to pentecostal protestantism in Latin America. The Catholic Church has been eviscerated there.
english, the tongue of saxon
english, the tongue of saxon war and French domination, twists when applied to prayer
come to the Spanish Mass
Um, Charles Old Man, you are
Um, Charles Old Man, you are aware that Spanish is the language of the Reconquista, the Inquisition and the domination of the New World, aren't you?
Perhaps you should learn Quechua...
Well I guess the Cathecism
Well I guess the Cathecism that explains the use of "We" in We believe will simply have to be changed. Should be no problem for all the progressive advocates of change since Vat II Council. Of course, using Latin will eliminate all the translation issues. One of the most moving parts of Mass celebrated anywhere is singing the Credo in Latin, together with the entire Congregation. Everyone knows it, everyone sings it no matter what their backround. Did anyone ever notice it is usually sung the best, the loudest and the most coherent? People like Latin !
I've never noticed that.
I've never noticed that. Mostly, whenever something is sung in Latin the congregation either mutters, doesn't sing or sings very badly. Of course, that's mostly true in English too.
Quite frankly, I like Latin a lot but most of it is incomprehensible to me, if very beautiful. As a young father with two young sons, trying to take care of my family, my home, pay the mortgage and still make it to Mass every week, i simply don't have the time to learn to speak the Latin correctly or its meanings. I'd love to take a few years off and spend some time studying Latin as well as the Church Fathers. Maybe in 25 years.
If they really want to follow
If they really want to follow the ancient texts, than filioque (and the Son) should be removed from the creed. Filioque is a Latin Rite construct that caused the breakup of the Catholic church. Vaticanites, put your money where your mouth is.
All this sounds like an
All this sounds like an argument the Pharisees would have.
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