The pope and Hitler Youth (Benedict’s words)

May. 12, 2009
Pope Benedict and Israel's President Shimon Peres plant an olive tree, an ancient symbol of peace and prosperity, in the garden of the presidential palace in Jerusalem May 11. (CNS/ Reuters)
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Jerusalem

During a press briefing in Jerusalem today, the Vatican spokesperson, Jesuit Fr. Federico Lombardi, chided reporters for repeating what he called a falsehood – namely, the claim that the young Joseph Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, was once a member of the Hitler Youth.

"The pope was never in the Hitler Youth: never, never, never," Lombardi said.

Unfortunately for Lombardi, his assertion is contradicted by a fairly unimpeachable source: the future pope himself.

Before proceeding, a necessary caveat: The historical evidence is overwhelming that Joseph Ratzinger’s family was ferociously anti-Nazi, and that the future pope was appalled by the arrogance and destructiveness of National Socialism. He was never a Nazi party member, entered an auxiliary unit of the German army only when forced to do so, and deserted before war’s end. He was an American prisoner of war in a camp near Ulm, Germany, before being released and returning to his seminary studies.

Nonetheless, it is a fact of his biography that Ratziner was once, albeit briefly and involuntarily, enrolled as a member of the Hitler Youth. The relevant documentation comes from the 1997 book Salt of the Earth, based on an interview which then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger granted to German journalist Peter Seewald. Here is the exchange, which appears on page 52 of the English edition:

Seewald: "Were you in the Hitler Youth?"

Ratzinger: "At first we weren't, but when the compulsory Hitler Youth was introduced in 1941, my brother was obliged to join. I was still too young, but later, as a seminarian, I was registered in the HY. As soon as I was out of the seminary, I never went back. That was difficult, because the tuition reduction, which I really needed, was tied to proof of attendance at the HY. Thank goodness, there was a very understanding mathematics teacher. He himself was a Nazi but an honest man, who said to me, ‘Just go once and get the document, so that we have it …' When he saw that I simply didn't want to, he said, 'I understand, I'll take care of it,' and so I was able to stay free of it."

To be fair, Lombardi's point was doubtless that the young Ratzinger never wanted to be part of the Hitler Youth and never participated in it. His concern is probably that short-hand media formula such as "former Hitler Youth member" can leave an inflammatory, and inaccurate, impression.

Asked later in the day for clarification, Lombardi said he could confirm that what then-Cardinal Ratzinger said in 1997 was correct, that he was registered in the Hitler Youth and was therefore technically a member.

"This was a formal thing, which was not a significant part of his life," Lombardi said. "He had no active participation and no identification with this movement."

In truth, however, the fact that Ratzinger never wanted to be part of the Hitler Youth was already well known. By denying a technical point that the pontiff himself has already conceded, this afternoon's attempt at a clarification may risk reopening a chapter most people already considered closed.

-------------------------------------------------------------

John L. Allen Jr. is NCR senior correspondent. His traveling with Pope Benedict XVI in Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Territories May 8-15. Read NCRonline.org daily for his dispatches from the Holy Land.

The stories he has filed so far:

Benedict rides 'peace train' to Nazareth (May 14)
Church in Israel struggles to find its Hebrew voice (May 14)

Today, Benedict belonged to the Palestinians (May 13)

Pope strikes new balance in the Old City (May 12)
The pope and the Hitler Youth, in Benedict's own words (May 12)
Analysis: Benedict's timeless touch noble, but tricky (May 12)

At Yad Vashem, what pope doesn't say makes waves (May 11)
Pope in Israel mends fences, but doesn't pull punches (May 11)

Pope calls on Mideast Christians to perservere (May 10)

Benedict XVI sets new papal record for mosque visits (May 9)
Even in Jordan, Christian-Muslim ties not always easy (May 9)

Emphasis on Islam makes pope's trip an original (May 8)

Five challenges await pope on Middle East swing (May 7)
Pope's Holy Land pilgrimage a huge roll of the dice (May 7)

I think that we should

I think that we should support the Pope. Christ is risen! Alleluia! Alleluia!

I regard the speech Pope

I regard the speech Pope Benedict gave yesterday regarding peace to be one of the most profound statements about the subject I have ever read. For those who have the ears to hear it, it addressed the primary requisite for peace in this troubled land -- or any land, for that matter.

As for the newspaper's response to his speech at the Holocaust Memorial? It seems that there is a loud and angry appetite on the part of some to see the Pope grovel. Should he? Could he possibly grovel enough to satisfy that spirit?

The evil that produced the holocaust is not unique -- it lurks in all our hearts and not just German Christians who lived during the Nazi era. It is that evil that the pope was addressing, and critics can dismiss it as banal, but it isn't.

It can safely be said that

It can safely be said that young Ratzinger was only following orders.

The pope always seems to be

The pope always seems to be reading every public word he utters. Who writes his speeches and does he ever publicly speak extemporaneously?

The great orators of our time

The great orators of our time generally use Teleprompters instead. They are helpful, especially when you need to communicate with precision. I don't know how practical using one would be for the Pope. Happy Easter! Christ is risen! Alleluia! Alleluia!

I do believe that Joseph

I do believe that Joseph Ratzinger was never involved in any Nazi organization, and so we should let that rest. However, as a German who has great influence, I think it's imperative that he issue a heart-felt formal apology to all the families of all those who were in any way hurt or killed by Germany's regime during the war. It would be a wonderful sign of reconciliation. As a descendent of full German heritage, I sometimes wonder if any of my ancestors were members of the Nazi party. It grieves me to think that there is a possibility that members of my own family could have committed such atrocities. How many other Americans with German ancestry have thought the very same things over the years but, like me, have never wanted to check? What can any of us do to help people regain their integrity?

Because of the media circus

Because of the media circus that never seems to seek (or want?) clarity on the matters of his "personal past, his comments, his actions or his inactions" the great misfortune will be that what "Benedict the teacher" seeks to say will never be heard.
Is it simply 'random' static or is there maligancy at work?

John Allen equates ‘being a

John Allen equates ‘being a member’ of Hitler Youth with ‘being in’ the Hitler Youth. Membership in the HY was a matter of government policy: after 1941, every 14 year old boy's name was automatically enrolled, no questions asked, no consent requested. Being in the HY, what Lombardi is talking about, is a matter of attending meetings and participating in activities. As it is clearly pointed out in the article, the young Ratzinger refused to attend any meeting. Therefore, Lombardi’s comments were true. Ratzinger was never in the HY.
What I find deeply disappointing is that journalists look at this situation with concern and suspicion, ending up manufacturing a new conflict or controversy, which actually does not exist. Why not looking at this event as witness to virtue? Instead of pointing out (perceived) 'inconsistencies,' why not pointing out that a 14 year old boy had the courage to stand up against a totalitarian regime and say ‘NO’ to its demands? Anyone who ever lived under such regimes knows what it means to do such a thing. Most 14 years old of today cannot say ‘no’ to their peers, let alone standing up to an oppressive regime. Add to this that about the same time a cousin of Ratzinger (about the same age as he was) was killed by the Nazis because he was disabled. Why not reflecting on the moral fortitude of a 14 year old boy, who was facing psychological trauma and danger to his life for choosing right over wrong, as opposed to evaluate his past with suspicion?

Pope Benedict was a

Pope Benedict was a registered member of Hitler Youth. Many good and decent Catholics feel that his former position as the Vatican watchdog of dogma, prior to his becoming Pope, carries a history of right wing positions and narrow thinking which brought many theologian's careers to an end. His actions were shameful. He is a man who never should have been elected the
Bishop of Rome. This period of the Church's history will be remembered for its' witch hunts and therefore will be one of its' darkest and most un-Christ-like periods before the People of God take back the Church and reshape it as Christ intended.

Chris Smith is angry. He

Chris Smith is angry. He needs our prayers.

I wish people who were not in

I wish people who were not in WWII and have not been subjected to the Nazi regime would stop make stupid comments on being in Hilter Jugend or the like as Communist Party under Stalin. THERE WAS NO WAY OUT OF IT don't think you could escape it. Life was very difficult that time and not all german Youth was behind Hitler.

THE TELEPROMPTER READER -

THE TELEPROMPTER READER - Bob Demers in the blog above writes: "The pope always seems to be reading every public word he utters. Who writes his speeches and does he ever publicly speak extemporaneously?" For a moment I thought Bob was referring to Barack Obama, the slickest teleprompter reader in the world. But Bob wold never criticize the Messiah. Criticize the Pope? Yes.

While I believe that Pope

While I believe that Pope Benedict deplores the Nazi philosophy, I also think his upbringing must have shaped in his thinking in some ways. I remember watching a program on the Hitler Youth on the History Channel right after reading the "Instruction on the Ecclesial vocation of the Theologian" written by Card. Ratzinger. I was shocked by how similar in language the credo of the HY was to this instruction. Both of these instructions would instruct us to "suffer in silence" if we dare disagree!

When Ratzinger was elected

When Ratzinger was elected pope, the issue of Hitler Youth surfaced.
A contemporary of his, in the same village, also went on to become a priest.
He claimed that one could refuse to join the HY as he did. There were consequences for not joining. But Josef Ratzinger didn't dissent & has become pope. The other priest, courageous, if the facts are true, did refuse and subsequently never ascended the hierarchy.
If this be true, Josef Ratzinger didn't exhibit any courageous in his youth. Unfortunately, Germans, in toto, have been models of docility to authority.

Why doesn't the pope get rid

Why doesn't the pope get rid of that old fumbling trouble-maker and replace him with someone who is competent in the field of communication?

Are there any Cardinals who

Are there any Cardinals who elected Benedict as Pope now wondering "What did we do here?" So many mistakes, so much foot in mouth.
The Pope and Father Lombardi fail to realize there is a 24 hour news cycle; news travels in microseconds around the world. The church needs a competent P.R. office, not the bumbling going on now. Father Lombardi tries to split hairs with the press about the Pope's Hitler Youth experience rather than getting it out once and for all. But this is only the tip of the Vatican ice-berg of incompetence and arrogance. What's next? What's the next embarrassment?

Father Lombardi does seem to

Father Lombardi does seem to have a difficulty with precision. But, that is the Vatican's way. A common theme in Rome regarding papal health in previous decades runs something like this: "The Pope is in perfect health, until just after his death".

In their defense, however, the Holy See has not been known for its ability, or desire, at public relations until the most recent papacy and the Holy See is trying to find its voice without its "Great Communicator". Under Pope John Paul the Great, we had a pontiff who had impeccable timing, profound public presence, and knew precisely what to say and how to say it. He had the "chops", if you will, of an actor, which he was in prior to his ordination. But, prior to John Paul the Great, the Church had a pope, Paul VI, who was shy and reserved, rarely speaking in public unless he had to. Blessed John XXIII was a cheerful, joyous man, attracting a great deal of attention, but a man who rarely gave the type of public addresses that we have come to associate with the Roman Pontiff. Pope Pius XII of happy memory was also shy and reserved. I can continue on...

The point is we are comparing Pope Benedict XVI with John Paul II and, on the issue of public relations and sheer stage presence, it is a comparison that will always find Benedict lacking. The Holy Father is a teacher, a theologian and a scholar. John Paul II was a pastor, an actor and a poet. They are different men, with profoundly different styles. The fact that Benedict XVI is even continuing John Paul's pilgrimages (albeit at a slower pace -- remember, he is almost 30 years older than John Paul was when he was elected!) is remarkable, given that, historically, popes rarely ventured further into Italy than Castel Gandolfo. Benedict understands that, in order for him to be the universal pastor of the Church, he, like John Paul, must be present to his flock. But, we should also remember that, unlike John Paul, this type of public presence is not a natural talent of Benedict's.

Having said that, I do believe that the Holy See needs to improve its PR machine. The gaffes do not do much for the Church's public presence. While I am not a conspiracy theorist, I would not be surprised to learn that some in the Curia take delight in the Holy Father's public foibles and act to exacerbate them. We would be foolish in the extreme to believe that everyone in Rome agrees with Pope Benedict's decisions and directions. I believe that there are some in the Curia who would be all too eager to see him fail, just as there are some who post right here on this website who are equally delighted when he stumbles.

As to the Hitler Youth, it is a documented fact that the Holy Father's family was profoundly anti-Hitler. Joseph Ratzinger, at the age of 14, was enrolled in the HY without his permission or that of his parents. He had no choice, yet he did not attend meetings and did not participate in the organization. This entire issue is a non-starter and the only reason it continues to be brought up is because the Holy Father is a German and he is orthodox. It is a form of stereotyping and it is offensive in the extreme.

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